The Young League Forum

Terrorism Edelbacher and Kratcoski as cited in Maximilian Edelbacher (2018:26) note “An act defined as ‘terrorism’ is considered criminal in most of the penal codes of the countries of the world. However it is difficult to define what a terrorist act is, and the specific context (political, religious, revolutionary, nationalistic, state violence, etc.) in which the act is manifested must always be considered.” Several international organizations, including the United Nations and the European Union, have developed definitions of terrorism and have delineated the characteristics of terrorist acts. Frech (2001, p.2) uses the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) definition of terrorism, “The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of a political or social objective,” to illustrate the criminal nature of terrorism. According to Mueller  as cited in Maximilian Ed

Plagiarism Plagiarism is a serious academic theft. It simply means an act of copying or using another person’s idea or expression without giving credit to the originator. It is called intellectual property theft. Academic community detests any act of plagiarism even if it is your own previous work (self-plagiarism). An act of plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional. It can be unintentional when you express what another person has said without acknowledging the person because you were unaware that the idea has been expressed. Hence, it can also be intentional, when you deliberately expressed or copied another person’s idea or work without giving appropriate credit to the source. As stated in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, researchers do not claim the words and ideas of another as their own; they give credit where credit is due (APA Ethics Code Standard 8.11). More so, in accordance with APA and MLA rules, quotation marks sho

Research Proposal and Report The ability to engage in meaningful research and the skill to communicate the pieces of the research to colleagues (academic community) in a well ordered manner are cardinal qualities for success in the academic world (Oluikpe, 1982). First and foremost, project writing and report exist because there are issues or problems that needed to be solved. That is why the first mental stage in project writing is discovering of a problem. It is this problem that will propel one to make proposal on the issue. According to Omekwu and Okafor (2009:119), “every research process ideally begins with enquiry. The researcher thinks that there is a phenomenon to investigate, a problem to solve or a contribution to make…”  They went further to note that, after a researcher has convinced himself that there is a knowledge lacuna (gap) that his/her research will fill, the researcher then explores the existing universe of knowledge in order to know what others have accomplished i

Referencing Rules These are basic rules that govern documentations. Omekwu and Okafor (2009:121), summarize these rules as thus: A reference must be included every time you use someone else’s idea or information. A reference must be included when you paraphrase (express someone else’s idea in your own words). When you summarize (express someone else’s idea in a reduced form in your own words). When quote (express someone else’s idea in their exact words) or copy (reproduce a diagram, graph or table from someone else’s work). Each reference must appear in two places; in the text (in-text reference) and the end of the work (reference list). © Oformatism

Citations/References There are many types of citations or references format. These are: APA- American Psychological Association  Chicago manual of referencing style MLA- Modern Language Association Turabian citation style CSE- Council of Science Editor, etc.   Among all these, APA and MLA are the most pronounced and commonly used reference styles in a research work. The American Psychological Association (APA style) is the most frequently used style in research works especially in the field social sciences and education. MLA format is often used by those in Language and physical sciences. APA style is also known as “triple entry style.” We are going to treat their formats in details under reference section. These styles are periodically reviewed by the associations in their respective manual. APA manual is known as the Manual of the American Psychological Association. The latest edition is 6 th  edition released in 2010. On the other hands, MLA released publication is known as the Hand

Language Style In other to achieve a better result, a researcher should be economical with words (economy of expression). This is achievable by presenting ideas in an orderly manner and by being precise in expression. This section is very vital because some students do make mistake here, many students intend to impress audience by using highly powered vocabularies rather than simple English words. This can be attributed to the lack of in-depth knowledge in academic writings. The essence of language is to communicate or inform sharing (Ezeh, 2011). The language of a researcher should be coherent and direct to the point. There is no need for tautology and colloquialism except for technical reasons. The language style should be very simply and grammatically correct. What concerns academic community is its grammaticality and objectivity.   Writing Style Writing style, this is similar to language style. The latter beget the former. As stated in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of

Research Format and Design Every research report has established formats irrespective of field of study or discipline. Although, there may be minor differences, but that may be mainly on the methods of data collection and analysis. The structures or formats remain the same which can be largely divided into three parts: preliminaries, text and reference.   Page Layout This talks about text position in a document. As stated in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, every page should be as follows:   Use a 1 inch (2.54 cm) margin on all sides of each page - left or right, top and bottom. Text position should be only in the front page (i.e. text appears on one side of the paper - the reverse side should be blank).   Justification Left justify your margins; meaning that the left margin will be flush to the left side of the page and the right margin will be uneven (APA, 6).   Paragraph A paragraph is a subdivision of a written work that is made

COVID-19: WHY MEN REBEL BY A. O. EZE Relative Deprivation Relative deprivation is the lack of resources (e.g. money, rights, social equality) necessary to maintain the quality of life considered typical within a given socio-economic group.  The deprivation  model suggests that people who feel they are being deprived of something considered essential in their society (money, rights, political voice, status) will organize or join social movements dedicated to obtaining the things of which they feel deprived.  The major proponents of the model are an American sociologist Robert K. Merton, Ted Robert Gurr in his work titled “Why Men Rebel”, published in 1970 and British statesman and sociologist Walter Runciman. Walter Runciman listed four required conditions that can trigger the sense of deprivation: 1. A person does not have something 2. That person knows other people who have the thing 3. That person wants to have the thing 4. That person believes they have a reasonable chan

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF SOCIAL INSECURITY AND CORRUPTION Man is a social being who needs social security which leads to the realization of man’s humanity. The word social means the act of living a communal and gregarious life that is full of companionship. The word social is connected with human society which encompasses the ways people organizes their society, interact with others and live their life. Hence, a human being as a social animal has an innate socialistic tendency in him. And he will remain unfulfilled and unsatisfied until he actualizes his social status. Therefore, we can define social security as the security of man’s social systems. The social systems of man are his social needs. In other words Social security refers to the protection and recognition of man’s social needs by the state. Furthermore, social security systems encompass all government programmes and actions geared towards protection of the social needs or social wellbeing of the citizenry. The social secu

Situation of Human Rights in Nigeria by A. O Eze (director Institute of Political Therapy and Gamesmanship Studies) The question of human rights in Nigeria since independence has been very controversial. Human rights in Nigeria are protected under Chapter IV of the 1999 constitution. Nigeria has made serious improvements in human rights under this constitution that ushered in fourth republic although there are some lapses or areas that need to be strengthened which we are going to examine under contending issues as a sub-topic. In the period between its independence in 1960 to 1999, military has ruled Nigeria for 29 years starting from Aguiyi Ironsi in 1966 to Abudsalami Abubakar in 1999. Under military rule human rights suffers most. This is because military has no or little regard to human rights. Military rules with decree and not constitution. And it is only in constitution that human rights can be truly guaranteed. Nigeria since independence has been active in signing and

Africa is a continent about which outsiders have all sorts of impressions; one of the most enduring and disturbing impressions is that which portrayed and continued to portray Africa as a dark continent where nothing good is possible. On the contrary, the general impression especially among western scholars has been to stereotype the continent as a land afflicted by drought, famine, diseases, incessant conflicts, mismanagement, population explosion, brain drain, social disorder and endemic corruption. Western scholars and observers tend to play down the fact that colonialism undermined and in most cases destroyed the structures of African political and government systems. Whether the colonial powers ruled by indirect method or supplanted the existing political order or government machinery, the same result of stifling, undermining and the destroying the existing culture was achieved. The greatest harm done to the colonial subjects is the destruction of their self-confidence, determin

POLITICAL PARTY Political party is an organized group of people that are politically inclined and who share common political ideology with the primary aim of gaining political power in a state. Shively (2005: 247) defines political party as “a group of officials or would-be officials who are linked with a sizable group of citizens into an organization; a chief objective of this organization is to ensure that its officials attain power or are maintained in power.” Heywood (2007:272) seems to have given us a comprehensive and logically articulated meaning of political party when he aptly defined it as “a group of people that is organized for the purpose of winning government power, by electoral or other means.” According to him, party may be “authoritarian or democratic; they may seek power through elections or through revolution; and they may espouse ideologies of the left, right or centre, or, indeed, disavow political ideas altogether.” The primary aims for the formati

What Ndi Enugu should know: Flawsn the 2020 budget passed into law by the Enugu state house of Assembly              Written by      COAL CITY YOUTHS DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE 17-2-20 Having submitted a letter to the chamber of the Enugu State Assembly through the Speaker Mr. Edward Ubosi Calling for clearification in some areas of the budget which received no attention after one month and three weeks and having done a Press Release to that effect, the youths of Enugu state under the aiges of COAL CITY YOUTHS DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE make bold to say that the budget is KANGAROO. *Bellow are some of our findings which we had wanted them to address* 1. Recall that the media aide to the Governor had in one of his articles pointed out that the road leading from Nike Lake - Nike road junction under bypass flyover in Enugu East LG has been completed. Why then did the assembly allocated the sum of *1.8 billion* naira for it's completion? 2. *4.5 billion naira* was mapp