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Logical Data Framework

Logical Data Framework: Logical data framework is a systematic arrangement of data in a tabular form for easy reference. The table summarizes the major issues in project work like research questions, hypotheses, method of data collection, method of data analysis, etc. This framework is very vital in research report because it summarizes the core issues in the study thereby saving supervisors’ time from going letter by letter, line by line throughout the work before they can understand the research work and its methods. One can understand the needed information in project report by painstakingly going through the logical data framework.

Reference List

Reference List: This section is not a matter of choice but a matter of necessity in order to avoid academic theft (plagiarism) and also to ensure a scholarly work. Plagiarism as we have noted is a serious academic theft. Its rule is very simple “take and give credit” to whom it is due to. Hence, some title this section bibliography while some go by name reference in their research work. The two has been often used interchangeably but they differ. A reference list contains only sources you have cited in-text (in-text citations) in your work. This means each reference cited in-text must appear in the reference list, and each reference list must be cited in-text. On the other hand, a bibliography is a list of all the sources you have consulted. This means in addition to listing the sources you cited in-text (in-text citations), you also list sources that you read or referred to in order to generate ideas on the research. A bibliography is more encompassing than re...

Basic rules to note inline with APA Style of reference list

dir=" ltr">Basic rules to note inline with APA Style of reference list: 1. Alphabetize entries by the first word of the entry. Entries are double spaced and the second line of an entry is a hanging indent of a ½ inch (standard tab space). Use only initials for the first and middle names even if the full name is given. In other words, in APA style the entries are arranged alphabetically according to authors’ names. For instance, author’s surname comes first followed by initials (first and second name if there is), the year of publication, the title of the work, the place of publication and the name of the publisher. 2. Italicize titles of books, plays, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, journals, films, compact discs, and paintings. Do not put quotation marks around them. Capitalize only the first word of the title and the subtitle, if any, and any proper noun; remember to italicize the title. Enclose additional information like editor, edition, repo...

What is Performance?

dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">            Performance:      It is the distance between one’s origin and where he is currently. There is no other reliable parameter for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of government other than the masses that are at the receiving end as the above principle has noted. The end matters a lot in performance measurement of any government. If the end is good by ensuring the greatest happiness to the greatest number, the performance is commendable and laudable.       A common sense morality demands of a leader to keep his promises to the people and make effective use of available resources. The policies and programmes of government should centre on the people which government exists to serve. When the majority of people are happy the government in place has performed well.     It is important to note that no leader can satisfy everybody honourably, even th...

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Should a Leader Fear Political Gladiators?

Should a Leader Fear Political Gladiators? A wise leader has little to fear from gladiators insofar as he enjoys the goodwill of the masses and few notables. Some of them are for political entertainment not for realpolitik. They are only brave and courageous among their associates, and cowards before the enemy. Since they have been defeated for the first time, to overcome them again, if they regroup, is easy if the leader has an insight to know their weaknesses and maximize on it. In a situation where a leader is not able to know how to destroy the source of their strength, the outcome of any second battle for state power may be dangerous or injurious to the leader. A wise leader should be able to know how to cut the chains of his adversaries. Their power should be drastically neutralize;, otherwise, they may constituent a major threat to societal peace. He should never show them any act of kindness because any act of kindness shown to them will be used against the leade...

Ruling Class versus Governing Ruling Class by A. O. Eze

Ruling Class versus Governing Ruling Class     It is paramount to note that social classes are groups of persons who are differentiated on the grounds of their social functions, and ranked on the basis of wealth control and ownership of property. These classes compete in an unequal basis in the area of production, distribution and exchange. Both ruling or guardian class and governing class belong to upper class while the masses constitute the lower class. These two classes compete on unequal basis. The ruling or guardian class is the most powerful class in any society due to their social relation to the means of production, distribution and exchange. In other words, they own the means of production (the objects of labour and the means of labour).

What are the Methods of Data Collection?

Method of Data Collection There are different ways information is gathered. As Ezeh (2011), noted, it tells us where (place), how (manner), who (body) and when (time) in respect of the data collection for the study. In other words, the report here is expected to emphasize where, how the data will be collected and by whom and within what time frame. Method of data collection varies by the design of the study (Ezeh 2011). Two major types of method of data collection are: > 1. Quantitative method 2. Qualitative method Data can be gathered through; qualitative or quantitative method (i.e. either through secondary or primary resources). Quantitative method is more objective, testable and reliable than qualitative method. It makes use of questionnaire, interview and other primary sources of information. The collection of data for this type of research is not always easy. It is the method commonly used in physical science or in the field rese...

What is a Research Design? by Ofor-Ofor

Research Design As articulated in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010), style involves no inherent right or wrong. It is merely a conventional way of presenting information that is designed to ease communication. Research designs have different reporting needs associated with them. Literally, design simply means to draw, lay out or plan on how to do something. According to Ezeh (2011:68), research design “is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions through which the problem of the study could be addressed”. It is a blue print of the study. A research design guides the researcher in the process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting and observing data. That is why Ezeh affirms that “it specifies the methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed to structure and solve the research problem” (Ezeh 2011:68). A good ...

What is Research Methodology?

Methodology This constitutes the third chapter in every thesis work. Some departments more often than not caption this chapter “research methods”. Methodology and method differs notably. Methodology is a body of methods, and rules employed by a discipline while method is simply a particular procedure or technique used in a discipline. Therefore, method is just a subset of methodology. It is a particular techniques employed in a research. As rightly noted, in the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010), the method section describes in details how the study was conducted. Different types of studies will rely on different methodologies. Therefore, appropriate title should be “methodology” which encompasses rules and procedures. Hence, methodology encompasses systemic procedures, techniques, or mode of scientific inquiry employed for proper analysis of a phenomenon. Under this chapter we have theoretical fram...